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The first 1,000 days
The first 1,000 days

Infant & toddler nutrition

The period of time from a child’s conception up until their second birthday, is characterised by rapid growth, development and maturation of organs and systems1. It is a unique period in life during which epigenetic programming takes place2 and variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed by mothers during pregnancy, or infants in early life, can exert permanent and powerful effects upon developing tissues. These ‘programming’ effects are now a well-recognised risk factor for non-communicable diseases of adulthood, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke and coronary heart disease1.

The association between early life health parameters & risk of adult disease was first described in the late 80s

In the late 1980s, Barker & Osmond first described the developmental origins of health and disease through ecological studies that showed correlations between place of birth and the risk of death fromcoronary heart disease and between the risk of death ininfancy and coronary heart disease mortality3-5. Following this, retrospective cohort studies, that used health records from a population of 16,000 men and women born in Hertfordshire in the UK between 1911 and 1930, found that lower birthweight was associated with increased coronary mortality6. Further studies that followed up the men aged 64–75 years in this same Hertfordshire cohort showed an inverse association between weight at birth and blood pressure7, type-2 diabetes8 and the insulin resistance syndrome9. In the US, data on birthweight from 70,297 women showed that among full-term singletons, and after adjustment for adult body mass index, the risks of coronary heart disease and stroke were associated with weight at birth. A lower weight at birth was also associated with higher blood pressure in adulthood10. These initial studies into the associations between early life health parameters and adulthood disease were only the start of what continues to be a fascinating area of research.

Influence of environmental factors Gluckman 2013

Early Life Nutritional Exposures Affect Long-Term Physical & Cognitive Health

It is now well accepted that numerous early life exposures can impact long-term health, however early life nutritional exposures are particularly significant and the most well-researched. By providing good nutrition during pregnancy, infancy, and toddlerhood, parents/guardians can make a significant difference to a child’s future eating habits as well as their long-term physical & mental health. The impact of early life nutrition can be summarized below under the headings, ‘Behavioural’ and ‘Physiological’.

Behavioural

  • Influences feeding habits11
  • Impacts on taste preference12,13
  • Affects food texture preferences14,15

Physiological

  • Metabolic – processes may be set during early life, determining how the body learns to break down, absorb and use nutrients for lifelong growth and development16.
  • Immune – immune system development may be influenced, affecting the future risk of asthma and allergic diseases17.
  • Cognitive – brain development may be influenced, with potentially long-term effects on cognitive function and behaviour18.

References

  1. Langley-Evans SC. Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015 28(1):1-14. 
  2. Linnér A, Almgren M. Epigenetic programming—The important first 1000 days. Acta Paediatrica. 2020;109:443–452.
  3. Barker, D.J. & Osmond, C. (1987) Death rates from stroke in England and Wales predicted from past maternal mortality.BMJ. 295,83–86.
  4. Barker D, Osmond C. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition and ischemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet. 1986;40:37-44
  5. Osmond, C., Barker, D.J. & Slattery, J.M. (1990) Risk of deathfrom cardiovascular disease and chronic bronchitisdetermined by place of birth in England and Wales.J. Epidemiol. Community Health 44, 139–141.
  6. Barker, D.J., Osmond, C., Golding, J., Kuh, D. &Wadsworth,M.E. (1989) Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease.BMJ. 298, 564–567.
  7. Barker, D.J.P., Bull, A.R., Osmond, C. & Simmonds, S.J.(1990) Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life. BMJ. 301, 259–262.
  8. Hales, C.N., Barker, D.J.P., Clark, P.M.S., Cox, L.J., Fall, C.,Osmond, C. & Winter, P.D. (1991) Fetal and infant growthand impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ. 303,1019–1022
  9. Barker, D.J., Hales, C.N., Fall, C.H., Osmond, C., Phipps, K. &Clark, P.M. (1993) Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X):relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 36,62–67
  10. Curhan, G.C., Chertow, G.M., Willett, W.C., Spiegelman, D.,Colditz, G.A., Manson, J.E., Speizer, F.E. &Stampfer, M.J.(1996) Birth weight and adult hypertension and obesity inwomen. Circulation 94, 1310–1315
  11. Scaglioni et al. Determinants of children’s eating behavior. Am J Clin 2011;94(6):2006s-2011s
  12. Mennella et al. Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants. Pediatrics 2001;107:e88
  13. Sullivan SA and Birch LL. Infant dietary experience and acceptance of solid foods. Pediatrics 1994;93(2):271-7
  14. Lundy B et al. Food texture preferences in infants versus toddlers. Early Child Dev Care 1998;146:69-85
  15. Northstone K et al. The effect of age of introduction to lumpy solids on foods eaten and reported feeding difficulties at 6 and 15 months. J Hum Nutr. Diet 2001;14:43-54
  16. Lillycrop KA. Effect of maternal diet on the epigenome: implications for human metabolic disease. Proc Nutr Soc 2011;70(1):64-72.
  17. Martin R et al. Early life: gut microbiota and immune development in infancy. Benef Microbes 2010;1(4):367-82.
  18. Schlotz W and Phillips DI. Fetal origins of mental health: evidence and mechanisms. Brain BehavImmun 2009;23(7):905-16.

 

Resources

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Products

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News

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Pregnancy

Having a healthy balanced diet is important during all stages of the lifecycle but at no other stage does nutrition have such profound life-long effects than during the First 1000 days of life.

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is based on demand and supply, so the more the infant nurses, the more supply of milk a mothers breasts will produce. Ensure the infant is correctly attached to the breast and feeds often in the first weeks.

Bottlefeeding

If a parent decides to bottlefeed, it is important they are correctly informed on how to prepare an infant’s bottle.

Weaning

As an infant grows so will his/her nutritional needs. The Department of Health and Children recommend exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months of life with the gradual introduction of solids combined with breastfeeding until the age of 2 years.

Infant Immunity Community

This hub is dedicated to supporting healthcare professionals to further develop an understanding of immunity, and how to best support immune development in the infants you are caring for.

Aptamil

The Aptamil range offers first infant milks, follow-on milks and toddler milks tailored to support infant and toddler nutrition from birth. Our Aptamil tailored nutrition range supports infants who are bottle-fed and diagnosed with common infant feeding issues.

Cow & Gate

The Cow & Gate range includes first infant milks, follow on milks and growing up milks. Preterm products are also available, and our specialised milks support bottle-fed infants diagnosed with common infant feeding issues including colic, constipation, reflux and regurgitation.

Latest Irish dietary guidelines for toddlers and pre-school children - Nutrients

Latest Irish food based dietary guidelines for 1-5 year old children (2020). This article focuses on Iron, Vitamin D, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) which were identified to be the nutrients at risk of inadequate intakes in this age group.

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